Calcium

No difference in overall calcium progression, though a per-protocol analysis of adherent participants showed less progression among those with pre-existing calcification.

Boron intakes above about 1 mg/day are associated with improved calcium and magnesium metabolism, bone strength and reduced inflammatory markers in experimental and observational work.

Calcium channel blockers produced a small reduction in attack frequency, with low-quality evidence and frequent side effects.

Ze 440 and isolated constituents produced concentration-dependent relaxation of pre-contracted human uterine muscle strips, an effect consistent with blockade of voltage-gated calcium channel-mediated contraction.

Citrate salts reduced new calcium stone formation and slowed growth of residual stones compared with placebo or no treatment, with gastrointestinal upset the main adverse effect driving withdrawal.

Across 8 trials (576 women), oral magnesium may reduce leg cramp frequency versus placebo in some trials but results were inconsistent; oral calcium showed no clear benefit; vitamin B complex and vitamin C evidence was very low certainty. No intervention was supported by high-quality evidence.

Vitamin D is biologically inert until hydroxylated in liver and kidney to calcitriol, which drives intestinal calcium absorption and bone mineralisation. Deficiency causes rickets and osteomalacia and is associated with reduced muscle strength, impaired fracture healing and higher fall risk. The review reports benefit of correcting deficiency for bone healing and musculoskeletal function, and notes deficiency is highly prevalent in trauma and orthopaedic patients.

Calcium showed the most consistent benefit for irritability and mood symptoms; magnesium and B6 evidence was weaker and mixed.

Among 71 Indian patients with premature greying, low serum vitamin B12 was common and serum ferritin and calcium levels were frequently reduced compared with reference values; thyroid dysfunction was uncommon, and a family history of premature canities was the strongest associated factor.

Review of mineral status in alcohol use disorder found consistently low magnesium, zinc and selenium levels and frequently disturbed calcium, potassium, sodium and phosphate balance, driven by poor intake, gastrointestinal losses, renal wasting and liver dysfunction; deficiencies were linked to withdrawal severity, neuropathy, arrhythmia risk and refeeding complications.

Meta-analysis of randomised trials in recurrent kidney stone formers found increased fluid intake roughly halved stone recurrence, and among supplements thiazides, citrate salts and allopurinol reduced recurrence in calcium stone formers; low-animal-protein/high-fibre diets alone did not reduce recurrence and dietary calcium restriction was not beneficial.

This review of human and animal data found boron influences calcium, magnesium and vitamin D metabolism and steroid hormone levels, with depletion-repletion studies suggesting boron may reduce urinary calcium loss, but no clinical trials demonstrating reduced fracture risk or improved bone mineral density in humans.

This AHRQ-derived evidence review found that vitamin D combined with calcium modestly reduces fracture risk in institutionalised older adults, while evidence for vitamin D alone and for non-skeletal outcomes (cancer, cardiovascular disease, immune function) was inconsistent and largely inconclusive. Serum 25(OH)D thresholds for these outcomes could not be established.

Available human studies suggest boron influences calcium, magnesium and vitamin D metabolism relevant to bone, but no dosing recommendation can be established from current data.

L-lysine supplementation increased intestinal calcium absorption and reduced urinary calcium excretion in healthy women.

Calcium plus trace minerals including manganese reduced spinal bone loss more than calcium alone over two years.

Nutrient adequacy from food, but not from supplements, was associated with reduced all-cause mortality; excess calcium from supplements was linked to higher cancer mortality.

Each 1 mg/dL increase in serum phosphorus was associated with an 18% higher risk of death in people with chronic kidney disease

Supplement users had markedly lower prevalence of inadequate intakes for vitamins A, C, D, E, calcium and magnesium.

Bone formation marker PINP rose significantly in the 6 and 12 mg silicon arms; femoral and lumbar BMD changes did not reach significance.

Dietary calcium intake was not associated with fracture risk, and calcium supplements produced inconsistent and clinically unimportant reductions in total fracture risk with no reduction in hip fracture.

Fluoxetine had clear therapeutic benefit for premenstrual syndrome, whereas the effect of calcium was much smaller.

930 subjects with a previous colorectal adenoma were randomly assigned ... to receive placebo or 1200 mg of elemental calcium daily for 4 years

Calcium supplementation is a simple and effective treatment in premenstrual syndrome, resulting in a major reduction in overall luteal phase symptoms.

Significantly, lower levels of serum calcium, ferritin, Vitamin B12 were observed among cases.

Bisphosphonates, with calcium and vitamin D, increase bone mineral density and reduce vertebral fractures in patients receiving glucocorticoids.

Calcium and vitamin D supplements seemed to reduce cancer mortality and increase CVD mortality after more than 20 years of follow-up.

The results of this study showed that the calcium-Vitamin D and the Vitamin D supplements have no effect on the frequency, length, and pain intensity of leg cramps during the 6 weeks of the study.

Combined vitamin D and calcium supplementation reduced recurrence of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo.

Calcium repletion supports bone density recovery alongside a strict gluten-free diet.

Increasing calcium intake from diet or supplements produced small one-off increases in bone mineral density of about 1-2% that did not accumulate over time.

using of combination of calcium and vitamin B6 leads to better controlling of the premenstrual syndrome symptoms.

To identify herbs, vitamins and minerals advocated for the treatment of PMS and/or PMDD and to systematically review evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to determine their efficacy in reducing severity of PMS/PMDD symptoms.

In men with recurrent calcium oxalate stones and hypercalciuria, restricted intake of animal protein and salt, combined with a normal calcium intake, provides greater protection than the traditional low-calcium diet.

S. Ca, S. Ferritin, vitamin D3 may play a role in premature graying of hair.

However, treatment with alfacalcidol alone failed to prevent bone loss in patients with MG receiving glucocorticoid therapy.

Sleep bruxism was associated with vitamin D deficiency and low consumption of calcium and was also associated with increased scores of anxiety and depression.

Calcium supplements without co-administered vitamin D were associated with an approximately 30% increased risk of myocardial infarction in pooled patient-level analysis.

High intake of dietary calcium appears to decrease risk for symptomatic kidney stones, whereas intake of supplemental calcium may increase risk.

Calcium 1000-1200 mg daily significantly reduced total premenstrual symptom scores

To date, high-quality research investigating the effects of dietary and nutrient intervention on PMS is limited.